英语写作常用替换词

capability, capacity strength, virtues, merits invariably emerge dispute facet, dimension capture one’s attention dreadful, unfavorable spectacular, fantastic given that profit optimal huge condemn tedious fail to do sth cautious implement give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger, contribute … to consumer, purchaser decline depict challenging, formidable barrier, obstacle, adequate, sufficient thrilling distinguished domain locate sth accomplish, fulfill center on for instance outlook acquire, obtain eliminate deteriorate favorable, outstanding, promising, significantly, substantially, dramatically pleased, delighted possess, boast beneficial (to sb), rewarding be eager to do, long to do boiling essential, vital, significant, indispensable enhance, boost, upgrade, strengthen advance, booming, development, progress 1

in addition, in my opinion influence, effect main many meet method, way more and more nowadays obey obvious often on the contrary pay attention to people poor problem proper quite remember that respect result satisfy sb. be interested in selfish send shortcoming should show, reveal so stop strange surprise sb thing think that unbelievable use very want to do whole workable

additionally, for my part, from my own perspective impact major a host of, an ocean of, a sea of encounter approach (to sth), strategy increasingly, currently observe apparent, manifest frequently when the situation is reversed pour attention to, attach importance to, give priority to individuals, folks poverty-stricken issue appropriate fairly bear in mind that esteem consequent gratify sb take interest in, sth. appeals to sb., sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb. self-centered deliver defect be supposed to, be expected to demonstrate, illustrate consequently, accordingly cease odd, weird astound, astonish, startle matter, affair, business suppose that, hold the view that, harbor the idea that inconceivable adopt, employ, utilize pretty, extremely, extraordinarily, exceedingly intend, propose, desire entire feasible, applicable Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities — as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific

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percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.

Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often run the danger of becoming- and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success. 1. The primary purpose of the text is to

[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies. [B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.

2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes

it to

[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.

[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors. 3. It can be inferred from the text that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal

and local agencies” (line 9, paragraph 1) are

[A] more popular with large corporations. [B] more concrete.

[C] less controversial. [D] less expensive to enforce.

4. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s assertion that, in the 1970’s, corporate response to

federal requirements (line 1, paragraph 2) was substantial?

[A] Corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.

[B] Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.

[C] The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses. [D] The $1.1 billion represented the same percentage of total corporate spending in 1977 as did $77 million in 1972.

5. The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with

minority subcontractors?

[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with

minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.

[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion

to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.

[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout

the 1980’s.

[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s

made substantial response impossible.

Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social condition that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and

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activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United State have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality connected to a movement — utopian socialism — which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.

The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents’ energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to saint-simonianism European historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.

Saint-Simon’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.

Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believe that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.

1. It can be inferred that the author consider those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as “solitary”

to be

[A] insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought. [B] overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848. [C] not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scope.

[D] insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference.

2. The author’s attitude toward European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of

[A] approval of the specific focus of their research.

[B] disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians’ energy after 1832. [C] approval of their general focus on social conditions.

[D] disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts. 3. The author mentions all of the following as characteristic of the Saint-Simonians EXCEPT

[A] The group included many women among its members.

[B] The group believed in a world that would be characterized by sexual equality. [C] The group was among the earliest European socialist groups.

[D] Most members believed that women and men were inherently similar in ability and character.

4. It can be inferred from the text that the Saint-Simonians envisioned a utopian society having which of the following

characteristics?

[A] It would be worldwide. [B] It would emphasize dogmatic religious principles.

[C] It would most influence the United States. [D] It would have armies composed of women rather than of men.

5. According to the text, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most

Saint-Simonians?

[A] A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education.

[B] A society in which the two genders played complementary roles and had equal status. [C] A society in which women did not enter public life.

[D] A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of

their spiritual power。

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